Chapter II
Review of Literature
2.1
Language
Language understanding by Big Indonesian Dictionary is the
symbol of the sound system articulates (which generated said tools) are
arbitrary and conventionally used as a tool of communication for the delivery
of feelings and thoughts (Depdikbud, 1989:66).
Language
is an
important
communication tool
in human life,
which is a
tool
among members of
the community
in conveying
thoughts and
feelings verbally
and in writing (Depdiknas, 2002).
Foreign language
is the language of
another
nation's
typically
controlled
through a
formal
education
in
socio-cultural
not considered a
language of
its own (Depdikdud, 1989:66)
English
is an
international language
is usually
controlled
through a
formal
education
in
socio-cultural
is not
considered a
language of
its own (Depdiknas, 2002).
2.1.1
Aspects of
Language
According to the Department of
Education (2002:1) has two important aspects of language (the nature of
language), that are:
a. aspects
of the form
(rule)
b.
Aspect
of the content
(the meaning of the language itself).
2.2 Approaches
in
Learning
English
Through the
eyes of English language lessons, students are expected to be able to develop
English language skills both orally and in writing so that students have the
skills, knowledge and pride of adequate English language, which allows can
participate actively, intelligently and responsibly in their application in
society.
There are
several approaches
in learning English. These
approaches include:
a. Appreciative
approach, namely
the effort to get around
the learning of
literature in the form of
understanding, appreciation, respect, and if possible
the creation of a
work.
b.
Hierarchical approach is strategy
of development
of learning materials based
on subject matter
hierarchy.
c. Procedural
approach is
strategic development of
learning materials
based on completion
of a task sequence
learning
d. Spiral approach is the strategy of development of learning materials based
on environmental compartments that are the scope of the environment closest to
the students headed to the scope of the environment even further.
e.
Thematic approach is
the material
development strategy starts
from a
theme.
f.
Webbed approach is
the development
strategy of
learning by using
the topic of some
subjects that are relevant
as a central point, and
the relationship
between themes with
sub themes
can be described as a Webb.
g. The learning experience. The learning experience showed
activity of the student learning through student interaction with learning
objects or resources. The learning experience can be selected according to
their competence, may be obtained in the classroom and outside the classroom.
Shape can be demonstrated activity, practice, stimulate, conduct experiments,
analyze, discover, observe, examine, examines the interaction rather than
teacher and student activities such as listening to a description of teachers,
and discussions under the guidance of teachers.
2.3
Learning Media
Media
according to Big
Indonesian Dictionary
(1989) is
the tool or
means of communication. Learning
media means
a tool or means
of communication used in
the learning process.
Learning media
is the intermediary or
the tools used
to help
convey information in
the learning process. Media in
learning is a
process of
communication.
2.3.1 Benefits
of
Learning
Media
Media is
required in the
learning process so that learning is
more effective
and efficient
(Koesnandar, 2004).
2.3.2 Classification of
Learning
Media
Learning media are
classified into:
a.
Visual media
is a media of
learning in the form of
pictures or
anything that can only be
seen with the eye. Examples
of visual media
are drawing,
writing teachers
on the board and books.
b.
Audio media is
the form of instructional media that everything
that can be captured
by our sense
of hearing, the media can be audio
cassette tapes, compact disks, English music and others.
c.
Audio visual media is
a media of learning
that can
be captured by
senses other
than sight
also has
a voice
that can be heard by
our senses. For example,
television, video, VCD.
d.
Computer media is
a special media
that uses
a computer to assist
the learning process. This
computer media
usually contain
elements in addition to
audio visual motor also contains
elements such as learning
to spell, translate, talking and listening. Computer
media is a
powerful medium that is
a medium that can
cover all categories
of assessment
(Writing, speaking, listening and reading).
2.3.3 Media selection of
learning
According
Kusnandar (2004) there
are a number of
considerations in
selecting appropriate learning media. to
more easily remember,
such considerations can
be encapsulated
in one word ACTION, which
is an acronym
of: access,
cost, technology,
interactivity,
organization and novelty.
a. Access. Ease of
access into the
first consideration
in selecting the
media. Whether
we need media that are
available, easy
and can
be used by students?
For example, we
want to use the Internet media, should be
considered first
whether there is a
channel to
connect to
the internet? Access
also involves aspects
of policy,
for example, whether students are
allowed to use it?
Computer connected to
the Internet should not
only be
used for
the principal, but also for teachers and
more importantly
for the students. Students
should gain
access.
b. Cost.
Costs should
also be considered. Many types of media that can be our choice. Sophisticated media are usually expensive. However, the high cost of
it should we count with aspects of its benefits.
The more you use, and then the unit cost of a media will decrease.
c. Technology.
We may be attracted
to one particular medium. But we need to consider whether the technology is
available and easy to use? if we want to use the audio visual media in the classroom. We need to consider, whether there is electricity, or enough
electricity voltage appropriate?
d. Interactivity.
Good media is to bring two-way
communication or interactivity. Each learning activity developed course need the appropriate media with the aim of learning.
e. Organization.
Considerations are also important is the support organization. For example,
whether the leader of the
school or foundation support? How organized? Whether the school is available one unit called a learning resource center.
f. Novelty.
Novelty of the media selected should also be a consideration. The new media are usually
better and more attractive to students.
2.4 The Role of the Teacher
As with any other type to classroom procedure, teacher
needs to play number of different roles during the activity. However, three
have particular to help students to improve their student English achievement.
2.4.1
Prompter
We
may be able to help them and the activity to progress by offering discrete
suggestion. If this can be done supportively, without disrupting the discussion
or forcing students out of role, it will stop the sense of frustration that
some students feel when they come to dead end of language or ideas.
2.4.2 Participant
Teacher should be good animators when asking students
to produce language. Sometimes this can be achieved by setting up an activity
clearly and with enthusiasm. At the other times, however, teachers may want to
participate in discussion or role plays them. That way they can prompt
covertly, introduce new information to help the activity along.
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